INTRODUCTION The essentiality of copper for poultry and livestock is well documented (Davis and Mertz, 1987). Cu is an essential mineral which serves as co-factor in many enzyme systems in the body. Cu-sulfate (CuS[O.sub.4]5[H.sub.2]O) is the most commonly used dietary Cu supplement. Copper in the form of Cu-sulfate improves growth rate and feed efficiency in broilers (Choi and Paik, 1989; Baker et al., 1991) and in pigs (Roof and Mahan, 1982; Edmonds et al., 1985; Cromwell et al., 1989) at supernormal level (125 to 250 mg/kg). Growth promoting effect of dietary Cu has been attributed to its antimicrobial action (Fuller at el., 1960; Bunch et al., 1961; Burnell et al., 1988). Improved availability of Cu from organic Cu complexes compared with the commonly used Cu salts recently has been suggested. Chelates, complexes or proteinates are the organic form of Cu and are usually considered for use in animal diet as alternatives to inorganic Cu source. More bioavailability of Cu is probably due to better absorption, which enhances its efficiency (Downs et al., 2000; Yu et al., 2000; Guo et al., 2001). Baker and Ammerman (1995) reported that relative bioavailability estimate of organic Cu sources ranged from 88% to 147% of the response to cupric sulfate in poultry, Swine, sheep and cattle. Improvements in the digestibility of proteins (Braude, 1965; Castell and Bowland, 1968) and retention of nitrogen (Braude, 1965) have been reported in young pigs fed diet containing added Cu. Studies by Dove and Haydon (1992) and Dove (1995) have indicated that addition of 250 mg Cu/kg improved digestibility and utilization of the fat of weaned pigs, but results have limited and inconclusive for chickens when Cu added to the feed fortified with oil. To increase the energy level in the finisher diet and to obtain higher weight of a broiler chicken, oil and fat are used because of its high energy content. Soybean oil which stimulates growth rate, when included in poultry diet (Nitsan et al., 1997) is most commonly used oil source in Indian condition. Unsaturated vegetable fats (like soybean oil) are more energetic than saturated animal fat. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of level of dietary inorganic and organic forms of Cu and energy level on performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chicken.
WALTER SMITH is seeking a massive improvement on last seasons disastrous C h a m p i o n s L e a g u e campaign. Rangers finished bottom of their section after failing to win, home or away, against Seville, Stuttgart and Unirea. But while on paper Manchester United, Valencia and Bursaspor are even stronger, t h e I b r ox boss believes his players can step up. Smith (right) said: “Our Champions League performances from last season werent good enough, especially in our home games. “Manchester Uniteds pedigree is already set. Valencia have had a good few changes in their team for the first time in the last three seasons. They have lost four of their main players but have brought in another six or seven Spanish players. “They will be changed from the last two or three seasons where they have had fantastic consistency to finish third behind Barcelona and Real Madrid. “And Bursapor? Well, if you were drawn against Fenerbahce or Galatasaray you would say you wo u l d h ave a struggle. It would be a good game and Bursaspor have won the League and they beat Fenerbahce in the first game of the season.
FRANK LAMPARD and John Terry are out of Englands Euro 2012 qualifier against Bulgaria at Wembley on Friday night. Boss Fabio Capello could also be without Peter Crouch, Jermain Defoe, Bobby Zamora and David Stockdale. Chelsea midfielder Lampard will undergo an operation this week to combat a long-term hernia injury. Lampard missed a penalty as Chelsea beat Stoke 2-0 yesterday and Blues manager Carlo Ancelotti said: “He was in pain last week, but had treatment and felt it was OK to play today. It has not improved, and he has to have surgery. “This is something Frank had an operation on 10 years ago.
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